Alzheimer’s Biomarkers
Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease are measurable indicators of changes in the brain that signal the presence or risk of the disease. Common biomarkers include beta-amyloid plaques, tau tangles, and signs of neurodegeneration or brain inflammation. These can be detected through brain scans, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or blood tests.
The three main types of Alzheimer’s biomarkers
What it is
Beta-amyloid plaque is a sticky buildup of protein fragments that clump together between nerve cells in the brain. These plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and are believed to interfere with cell-to-cell communication, trigger inflammation, and contribute to the death of brain cells over time.
How to detect
What are they
Tau tangles, also known as neurofibrillary tangles, are twisted fibers of abnormal tau protein that build up inside brain cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, these tangles disrupt the transport of nutrients and signals within neurons, leading to cell damage and cognitive decline.
How to detect
What it is
Inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease is studied using blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and advanced brain imaging techniques like PET scans. Researchers look for elevated inflammatory markers such as cytokines or proteins like YKL-40 and GFAP, which may indicate brain inflammation linked to neurodegeneration.
How to detect
Interactive learning guide: The Science of Alzheimer’s
Click on our interactive guide on the Science of Alzheimer’s to learn more.
The role of blood tests in Alzheimer’s diagnosis
Blood Tests for Alzheimer’s
Blood tests for Alzheimer’s disease are an emerging diagnostic tool that aim to detect biological markers — or biomarkers — associated with the disease. These tests are not yet a stand-alone diagnostic method but are increasingly used to support diagnosis,
screen for risk, or rule out other causes of cognitive decline.
Specific biomarkers detected
Interactive learning guide: Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease
Click on our interactive guide below to learn more.
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